Expert+Notes

August 26, 2009 __**Joint Stock Companies**__ were companies which had characteristics of a company and some of a partnership. The company sells conveyable stock, but all stock holders have no limits on their liability. John Rulfe and Tobacco
 * __Encomienda__** a system that was thought up to put natives to work. it lead to slavery and disease throughout the indians. Also the settlers make the indians pay five percent of the earning they make from working.
 * __Jamestown__**

August 28, 2009 __**Puritons**__ made the journey to America. They begun to take over America. This frustrated the Native American Indians because the settlers began to sell goods that really belonged to the Indians. This caused alot of war and frustration between the locals and newcomers.

September 10, 2009 __**Colonialism**__, in 1776 colonists follow rules from top dogs. Rules like mercantilism, this deals with economy, The government uses tariffs, or taxes on imported/exported goods from foreign lands. The goal of the Mercantilism was to make the mother country richer with gold by getting money from the small colonies because they own both anyway at the time. Many goods that are sold in the colonies are made in the mother country and then distributed throughout the colonies. America has rum but sells it back to England. England buys slaves from Africa with clothes because the Mother country has so many sheep. The slaves get sold to America to make rum. But in order to make the rum they need lots of sugar that they get from the Caribean where they get trade for slaves from Africa that are bought there also with rum. It all runs in this huge triangular cycle. __**Navigation acts**__, keep trade cycle working. Without these laws America would be free. In other words if England passes a new law and America deosnt want to follow it they dont have to as long as everything is going ok. September 18, 2009 French and Indian War, seven years war, more people were killed during this war than the American Revolution. French and British fought for seven years in America with even the English and some Spaniards involved. Its known as the French indian war because the indians fought mainly with the French in this war. George Washington went to build fort in back woods of Pittsburgh and got his butt kicked. The British won the war and France just up and leaves America. The British then give out the Proclamation of 1773. This stated that the east coast colonies cant expand into further west colonies that were ceded to the British. The Navigation Acts were brought about to protect the English empire. Although no one really cared about it. The act protected sailing the seas to protect trading. But America could only trade with England. September 22, 2009 Ben franklin believes in seperating colonies into three. North, Mid, and South. it was voted on. Everyone said no laeving him disapointed. The sounth was making money and the north was making it illegally. By selling and buying illegally to anyone that they can. The south was just selling to England faithfully. A group of shop keepers and workers. They formed a group to go against the stamp act. some high up guys like John Guill a news paper owner, and Benjamin beaties who was a printer. It gave them power and exposure against others. They were all mad at the Stamp Act because, because they were getting taxed for everything. they made a dummy of the tax guy, Andrew Oliver. They hung it in a tree. They came out in protest. They burned down his house and cut the head off the dummy. Also they through rocks at Andrews house while his family was indoors watching. **
 * SONS OF LIBERTY**
 * BOSTON MASACRE

Many people were hurt. In pictures the British stood in a line but bystanders testomonies say that a british soldier hit a apprentice of a wig store with his gun. The man yelled out so the soldier ran away. A group of people come. The soldiers go to a customs house. The captain gives the soldiers seven more to protect them with empty guns but ammo on hand. These men were known as the towns police. They leave and the people begin to throw snow balls filled with rocks. The soldiers load the guns but the captain continued to say no. The first casualty was Tux Crispus. He had a club and went to hit the soldier missed and hit the gun to the ground. They both dive to the ground the soldier retreived it. The soldier shot him down. This caused the chaos which started the shootings and killings. After it all the soldiers get sent to court. the Sons of Liberty publicised the event as the Boston Masacre. they already dislike the Brits. Many of the soldiers are trialed for manslaughter but pleaded guilty for two days of jail then sent back over seas. England heres about it then it all gets blown out of proporshon and England punishes Boston for its actions. England says that they will keep port closed until all its tea is payed for from the Boston tea party. Bostons economy goes to crap because it depended on its trading. They become furious because it wasnt all boston but The Sons of Liberty that caused the loss of the tea. All is to straighten out Boston. But it just made things work causing the response from Boston There were 700 British and 75 colonists. 273 were killed. marched in a line through town. __**Articles of Confederation**__ Took four years to create the articles. These articles were statements made by the people. There were 13 statements going over how they wanted the government to look. One central government for all thirteen states. The people of the comittee wanted some sort of leader over all the states. But the people of the states disagreed. But there needed to be a central government over all to keep strength in protection. But if they find a leader how much power is to be given to the central government?.. __13 articles summary:__ 1. United states of america 2. Each state retains rights not given to central government. 3. unified in case of war and for general welfare 4. Freedom of movement, but extradition 5.one vote for each state in congress 6. central government makes war and peace, army, navy, but state militias okay 7. high officers chosen by central government, lesser officers by states 8. US expenditures paid by state legislatures based on property values 9. central government sets weights and measures, coins, final court 10. committee of States when congress not in session 11. 9 states agree for admitting a new state, canada pre-approved 12. confederation assumes prior war debt 13. articles can be altered only by unanimous state agreement Daniel Shay fought in the war but left back to his farm where he has a starving family. He wasn't being paid for fighting and now a bank was going to come take his farm away. Which made hime mad because he couldn' t afford to pay anyone back. And even worse Massachusettes bagan to tax everyone. They came to tax Shay but he had no money so they took his cow. Other farmers were also mad so they decided to go to the court house and burn all the property records so they can start new and easy. So when they go to do it the government says they need to be stopped but there was no army. So they go to the state malitia to ask for help. But more than half the malitia was former soldiers in the rebellion. People of the state want to start private malitias. And the government starts arsenals and wants to pay men to stop the rebellious malitias. Shay and government malitias have a race to get to the arsenals. The private army gets there first and takes the guns without permission from congress. Then Shays men get there a little late, the private army wants to give out some shots over heads but instead they launch cannons into the mob. Philadelphia convention, Federal Convention, Constitutional Congress, is the most fundemental event in the history of the United States. The Articles of Confederation needed to be modified. But people were scared that a monarchy would be created.__**Virginia Plan**__ proposed that each house would be elected according to population, contrary to the representation set out by the Articles of Confederation where each state had one vote. An Executive branch existed only to make certain the will of the Legislative branch was fullfilled. The Virgina plan also had a judiciary branch and gave both the judiciary and executive branch the power to veto. __**New Jersey Plan**__ As a response to the presentation of the Virgina plan, will peterson, a delegate from New Jersey, asked for an adjournment of the convention to study the plan. Under the Articles of Confederation, each state was equal, each having only one vote in congress. The Virginia plan threatened to limit the power of the smaller state by making the both houses of legislature proportionate to the population of each state. A group of delegates from the small states met on 14-15 June, 1787 and created the New Jersey Plan. (Small State Plan) __**Hamilton's Plan**__ Discontent with both the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan, New York delegate Alexander Hamilton proposed a plan of his own, also known as the British Plan. It resembled British Monarchy. His plan called for bicameral legislature where the Lower house was elected by the people. The upper house was chosen by the people. The electors also elected the executive or the governer. **__Connecticut Comprimise__**, the House of Representatives be represented according to population and the upper house be represented as before. __**Slavery**__, big problem. The south wanted it for more numbers when it came to voting. but they didnt want to be taxed for them. James Wilson came up with the 3/5ths compramise where each slaves vote only counted for 3/5 a normal person. The North believed how imorrral it was although the south depended on slaves for economic value for workers on growing crops. Congress was to earn power to stop slave TRADING. In july the __**Constitution**__ was finally ready to be drafted and written. On September 17, 1787 the final approval had been done and signed. __**Jay's Treaty**__ John Jay was the one to go and talk to the British and left them to leave and keep them from taking trade ships. The British would give indians guns to attack American colonies. The British accpet the treaty pull out the guns forget about taking over trade ships. Although America wanted to trade with France the most they were agreeing to trade with England in turn of them stopping all there crap they were up to. England was being the Federalists and France were being the Anti Federalists. Potential for America to be taken over by a stronger country. England was stopped to do it again because of the Treaty of Paris and the Jay's Treaty. Canada was part of them for a while and they attacked with them though. The canadians burned down the white house. We got a new one from Virginia. Adams wanted the capital into the south to washington dc. England starts the war of 1812, we win. We win mostly by luck. Many men who fought hard in the war and were recognized as true heros. A bank act, federal law. Helped the financial problems during the war. Set up interest rates, loan transactions, and other banking affairs. __**Whiskey Rebellion**__ 200 years ago, 15000 men arived in western pensylvania. 75 men were taken back east to be charged. they were found innocent. federal government needs to make money to pay off soldiers. They need to make money to spend some on the country. They thought of taxing whiskey. Then more money will be coming in and people wont be so careless about taking it and being irresponsible about it. corn farmers in the east were men who produced whiskey to sale not so much for themselves. They also took the corn cobs and hauled it to market. They hear about this taxation and refuse to follow through with it. Louisiana Purchase France at the time owned Louisiana. France was having alot of financial difficulties. so they decided to sell it to the united states so that it would be blocked by England. __**educational reform**__ the North cared more about kids going to school. but the south thought the kids should have been out on the farm. the schools were originally just for boys. but the rich and weathly could go to the schools. reformers believed everyone should be educated. horis man also wanted people to be enlightened in there minds and become more educated. __**womans rights**__ women are now aloud to go to school to become a womans doctor. mostly beacause women will be more confortable having a woman doctor. __**Compramise of 1850**__ California wants to come in as a state but its more south than north. that makes a conflict. There are about five major conflicts. california was entered as a free state. The north won that, as it came in as a free state. New mexico and Utah was aloud to decide whether or not they are slave or free territories. They were alound to vote for themselves. Barely anyone was living in the new mexico and utah. it was all mostly inhabited by the indians, other than the mormons of utah lead by Brigham Young. Utah votes to be as a slave territory, mostly to help farm cotton in southern areas. Texas gave up land that now belongs to new mexico. the government is going to pay for it to make up the war. The south has that one as a win. The slave trade was abolished in the district of columbia. they didnt want to have buying or selling there. you can own them but not buy or sell slaves there. This was a win for the north, they didnt want the countries capital to have that form of slavery there. Any arrests upon runaway slaves had to pay fines. Anyone in the North that doesnt turn in a runaway slave has to pay a fine, this is when you dont arrest them and take them back to where they came from. many political disputes are formed through the argument around slavery. __**underground railroad**__ around 1830, before the compramise of 1850. this was a hidden system to help slaves escape up north mostly to canada. Slavery was abolished in canada. slaves ran away to canada. some people never stop, but the ones that do sometimes later get caught to be resold back into the slave system. it wasnt actually a railroad but that was the terminoligy used in these times. usually these slaves would travel up to 20 miles at night. yet in the day they would hide in farms and other places with people who were often known as abolitionists. these people were against slavery and wanted it gone nationwide. Conducters would help the slaves in there escapes. the conducters were also abolitionists. if these people were caught the punishments were either death, lashings, or to be resold to the south. The slaves would hike all along and camp in the day until night. the slaves only knew where they were going and where they actually went. Harriet tubman, african woman who was all for helping slaves. she returned to the south fourteen times to work on a plantation long enough to group together slaves to make a large escape. __Pearl incident__ 70 slaves were involved in an escape with an abolitionist. He pays a ship owner to sail these slaves to canada. they traveled on the ship known as the pearl. Someone finds out about this incident and catches these slaves. all the slaves are sold back into the slave system. all the men involved were put on trial. the abolitionist and the captain who helped were put on trial and found guilty where they didnt have the money to pay the fine. instead they spent four years in prison for their crime. the president gave them the pardon they needed to finally get out of jail. __**Abolitionism**__ Has been dealt with many times, but only can be confronted direstly now. Grealy and Garrison were very popular in their time. __**bleeding kansas**__ anti slavery/abolitionists or people for slavery were in kansas. they had settlements of the north and the south that moved to kansas, forming both sides of the slavery settlements in kansas. there were all these raids where people showed there favor for either slavery or abolition. Rednecks were people who wore red bandanas around there necks to be well identified but wore them over there faces too. they rushed through kansas to riot in their favor. kansas decides to retalliate against people who came in, more rednecks come. people continued to be killed in these disputes. On a sunday morning people came in and killed as many as men as they could find in lawrence kansas. This made up the name Bleeding Kansas. People were slaughtered over the abolition ideas. __**John brown**__ One of the northerners. he led an attack down to missouri to retaliate against the killings in kansas. He killed slave owners. He had the Raid on Harpers Fary. He wanted to raise his own army againsts slavey. He raids the federal arsenal to get many guns. Brown is caught and some of his men were killed. He gives these guns away to slaves to help ensure that they have something in their favor to win thier freedom. Then he gets trialed in Virginia. He gets executed. Which was ok because he stated that he was willing to die for what he believed in. __**1860 election**__ At the time of the civil war. the nation was broken up because of its slavery disputes. South Carolina says they are leaving the country because of states rights. Gorgia and Alabama all want to leave too. Parson Brown low and many other people want to see what lincon will say when he is brought into office. Lincoln does not like slavery, but he was not an abolitionist. His goal was not to get rid of slavery but to stop it from spreading. even though in the end he did anyway. South Carolina and three other states left to form the confederate states of america. __**CSA (Confederate States of America)**__ Jefferson Davis was the president. The country had eleven southern states. They made it to be more like how the south wanted it. Any state who joined pretty much had all their own power to that individual state. The south didnt want the federal government to have the power. The south was going around to the arsenals and find military leaders to call their own. They tried to call forward military personel to switch sides to this new found country. Lincoln arrives to office in march. He made it clear he wanted to keep the south from leaving the country. even if it meant war. he knew if one state left the country its government would be hurt. Seige is layed down on an island fort. the leader of the fort stated he would not surrender the for until they needed to when they were out of supply. Lincoln sent provisions to the fort to ensure it was the south who started the fight not the true country. the south puts out attack on the boats and fort. This starts the war. __**Anaconda plan**__ A strategy was brought up to defeat the south. he wanted to block it all in. 80,000 men were sent to __**Civil War**__ battle of bul run. the people of the south figured if they captured the capital they would win the war. the people of washington and others thought the battle would be interesting enough to watch. So they watched from carraiges while having picnics. 1862 there was one battle from the war and lincoln passes the order or law that these soldiers will fight this war. after two months of mcullin not fighting lincoln pulls him out and brings in a new genreal that wants to fight. in December lincoln tries to mess with slavery ways. In the south they are making there slaves cook in camps and do work for the war. The north captures slaves to tell them they can be free or fight in the war on their side. __**Emancipation Proclamation**__ January of 1863, it stated that all the slaves in the south were now free. all slaves in states that left the union. The southern slaves wanted to be captured to be freed because the south ignored the Proclamation. In 1864 its clear the war is almost over and the north will win. the south is running out of soldiers and food supplies. Jefferson Davis gives guns to the slaves to fight. Lincoln puts out the Amneisty Proclamation. It stated anyone who came north and followed the Constitution with the Union all charges will be dropped upon them. Lincoln knows that the war is coming to an end. Instead of having a republican vice pres he chooses to have a democratic vice president. he wanted to bring the souths votes in on his re-election. he wins outstandingly. __**Reconstruction**__ What will they do to bring south all the way back after the war? One question the north asks. 1865 to 1857 is the two years for this reconstrution policy. only two years because congress didnt trust the president to do it anymore. congress was against Lincolns ideas. Johnson does follow Lincoln. April ninth is when the war officially wins. one week later lincoln is killed by a southerner. the vice pres put away his ideas and just followed through with lincolns ideas. Many of the states were unwilling. But some others wanted to remain loyal. the war was fought over slavery and states rights. the states rights conflict was solved. the slaves in the south were freed but not in the north yet. each state had to say they wouldnt accept slavery anymore. if not they were not aloud back in the country as far as voting and states congressman go. Loyalty to the state came around. 10 percent of the people in the state had to say all this to send people to government and congress and have governers. all lincoln and johnson wanted was the war to end and have a whole country again. they didnt care if all the slaves were freed or not. Congress wanted the south to pay and only have faithful leaders to lead in the south.
 * INTOLERABLE ACTS**
 * The Battle of Lexington**
 * __Shay's Rebellion__**
 * __Constitutional Convention__**
 * __War of 1812__**
 * __National Bank__**
 * __Secession__**